![]() ![]() Unloading results in a decrease in the number of myonuclei and an increase in the number of apoptotic myonuclei in skeletal muscle. In both young and aged skeletal muscle, oxidative stress increases in response to unloading and may have an important role in mediating muscle atrophy. A sedentary lifestyle, bed rest, spaceflight, and hindlimb suspension lead the skeletal muscle to microcirculatory disturbances, atrophy, protein loss, changes in contractile properties, and fiber-type switching. Aging and inactivity or disuse is associated with a decline in muscle mass, structure, and strength. ![]() If the loss of muscle mass is more than 5 % in 6–12 months, the term mypenia has been suggested for use. The rate of muscle loss has been established to range from 1 to 2 % per year past the age of 50 years, as a result of which 25 % of people under the age of 70 years and 40 % of those over the age of 80 years are sarcopenic. The term sarcopenia has been defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass and dynapenia as the age-related loss of muscle strength. Sarcopenia is understood as an age-related loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function. ![]() Sarcopenia has been considered to be a minor modifiable risk factor for health outcomes, and it plays a significant role in the etiology of disability.
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